{"id":9249,"date":"2013-03-04T15:12:03","date_gmt":"2013-03-04T20:12:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/?page_id=9249"},"modified":"2015-05-17T02:22:49","modified_gmt":"2015-05-17T06:22:49","slug":"reduplication","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/northern-dialect\/word-formation\/reduplication\/","title":{"rendered":"Reduplication"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/a>Reduplication<\/h1>\r\n\r\n
Observation<\/caption>\r\n
\u14a7\u140e\u1419\u1405 \u1405\u1505\u146d\u144e\u14a7\u1403\u1426\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nmuwiwaau uskitimuih.<\/td>\r\nShe eats apples.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u14a5\u14a7\u140e\u1419\u1424 \u1405\u1505\u146d\u144e\u14a7\u1403\u1426\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nmi-muwiwaau uskitimuih.<\/td>\r\nShe eats apples all the time, she stuffs herself with apples.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

In the verb \u14a5\u14a7\u140e\u1419\u1424<\/span> mi-muwaau<\/span> above, the first syllable mu- of the verb \u14a7\u140e\u1419\u1424<\/span> muwaau<\/span> is copied and the vowel u<\/span> is replaced with i<\/span>, which gives us mi-<\/span>. This new syllable is then prefixed to the verb to create mi-muwaau<\/span>. This new word has the additional meaning of happening all the time or happening a lot<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Reduplication consists of repeating part of a word to create a new word with an additional meaning. In East Cree, this is done with the beginning of the word, on a part called the initial<\/span>. It is usually the first syllable that is reduplicated and the first vowel of that syllable is replaced by a<\/span> or i<\/span>, aa<\/span>, or aah<\/span>. (There is no difference in meaning associated with the length of the vowel in East Cree, unlike in neighbouring languages, like Plains Cree.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Not all words with a reduplicated initial have a corresponding word that is not reduplicated. For example there is a word \u14c7\u14c7\u14a5\u1438\u152e\u14d0<\/span> ni-nimipiyiu<\/span> or naa-naamipiyiu<\/span> s\/he trembles<\/span>, where *\u14c2\u14a5\u1431\u1528\u1424<\/span> *nimipiyiu<\/span> or *\u14c8\u14a5\u1431\u1528\u1424<\/span> *naamipiyiu<\/span> do not exist. Speakers agree that the reduplicated form is often used but they cannot imagine what the non-reduplicated version would mean.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Formation<\/h3>\r\n\r\n

The following are different styles of reduplications in South East Cree:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

1) If the word begins with a consonant, the first syllable is copied and the first vowel is replaced with an i<\/span>, aa<\/span>, or aah<\/span>. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u14a7\u140e\u1419\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nmuwiwaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he eats it (anim)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u14a5\u14a7\u140e\u1419\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nmi-muwiwaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he eats it(anim) all the time<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u14ab\u146f\u14c2\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nmaakunim<\/td>\r\ns\/he grabs, presses it<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u14ab\u14ab\u146f\u14c2\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nmaa-maakunim<\/td>\r\ns\/he kneads, presses it<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1427\u1473\u1431\u1491\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nkwaapichaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he fetches water<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1427\u1473\u1426\u1427\u1473\u1431\u1491\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nkwaah-kwaapichaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he fetches water (more than once)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1480\u144e\u1431\u14c8\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nkwaatipinaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he turns it (anim) over<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1480\u1426\u1480\u144e\u1431\u14c8\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nkwaah-kwaatipinaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he rolls it (anim)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Sometimes the reduplicated syllable is inserted in second position: <\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u1431\u14a7\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\npimuhtaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he is walking<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1431\u1439\u14a7\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\npi-paa-muhtaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he walks around<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

2) If the word begins with a vowel (not u-<\/span>), the vowel is copied, replaced by an i<\/span> and a connector (-y-<\/span>) is inserted between it and the main word.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u140b\u1513\u140e\u146d\u14a5\u1491\u1525\u146d\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\naashuwikimichaashkim<\/td>\r\nshe goes from one dwelling to the other<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1403\u152e\u1513\u140e\u146d\u14a5\u1516\u1525\u146d\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\ni-y-aashuwikimichaashkim<\/td>\r\nshe goes from dwelling to dwelling<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u140b\u1511\u1426\u1480\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\naashihkwaau<\/td>\r\nshe yells, screams<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1403\u152e\u1511\u1426\u1480\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\ni-y-aashihkwaau<\/td>\r\nshe yells, screams repeatedly<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

3) If the word begins with a u-<\/span>, the next syllable in the word is copied instead and inserted between the u-<\/span> and the main word.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u1405\u1456\u14a5\u1426\u140a\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nutaamiham<\/td>\r\nshe hits it with something<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1405\u1456\u1456\u14a5\u1426\u140b\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nu-taa-taamiham<\/td>\r\nshe hits it repeatedly with something<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

4) In a few cases, a larger part is copied.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u1456\u1431\u1426\u140a<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\ntaapiham<\/td>\r\nshe repeats what was said<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1456\u1431\u1456\u1431\u1426\u140a<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\ntaapi-taapiham<\/td>\r\nshe repeats it (over and over)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

5) In a some cases, the reduplicated syllable is inserted after the first one:<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u1431\u14a7\u1426\u144e\u1456\u1424 \u1405\u14a6\u148b\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\npimuhtitaau umiichim<\/td>\r\nshe carries her food while walking<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1431\u1439\u14a7\u1426\u144e\u1456\u1424 \u1405\u14a6\u148b\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\npi-paa-muhtitaau umiichim<\/td>\r\nshe goes (walks) around while carrying her food<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Meaning<\/h3>\r\n\r\n

The meaning of reduplication is plurality, intensity or repetition. Reduplication also has an interesting effect on numerals.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u1427\u140b\u1426\u1456\u1528\u1426\u144e\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nwaahtaayihtim<\/td>\r\ns\/he thinks it is easy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1405\u1427\u140b\u1426\u1456\u1528\u1426\u144e\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nuwaahtaayihtim<\/td>\r\ns\/he thinks it is really easy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1419\u1439\u1511\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nwaapaashiu<\/td>\r\nshe, it (anim) is blown away<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1419\u1419\u1438\u1511\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nwaa-waapaashiu<\/td>\r\nshe, it (anim) sways in the wind<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1432\u1502\u1431\u1528\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\npiiswaapiyiu<\/td>\r\nit is bubbling, fluffs up<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1431\u1432\u1502\u1431\u1528\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\npi-piiswaapiyiu<\/td>\r\nit is bubbling up, continuously<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u140b\u1431\u1426\u1404\u1431\u1528\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\naapihiipiyiu<\/td>\r\nit opens<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u152e\u152e\u1431\u1426\u1404\u1431\u1528\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nyaay-aapihiipiyiu<\/td>\r\nit opens and closes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1427\u1404\u1426\u1427\u1473\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nwiihkwaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he swears<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1427\u140b\u1427\u1404\u1426\u1427\u1473\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nwaawiihkwaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he keeps on swearing<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1427\u1403\u14c2\u1426\u140b\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nwinihaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he loses it (anim)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1405\u1427\u1403\u14c2\u1426\u140b\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nuwinihaau<\/td>\r\ns\/he’s always losing it (anim)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Reduplicated numerals are used to express distributivity. Numeral particles are used to express concepts translated by each<\/span> in English.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u14c3\u1513<\/span> \u1405\u1505\u146d\u144e\u14a7\u1403\u1426 \u148c\u1426 \u14a7\u140e\u1419\u1405\u14a1 \u140a\u14c2\u148c \u140a\u1419\u1511\u1511\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
niishu<\/span> uskitimui-h chiih muwiwaau-ch anichii awaashishich.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
The children ate two<\/span> apples.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u14c8\u14c3\u1513\u1426<\/span> \u1405\u1505\u146d\u144e\u14a7\u1403\u1426 \u148c\u1426 \u14a7\u140e\u140b\u1405\u14a1 \u140a\u14c2\u148c \u140a\u1419\u1511\u1511\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
naa-niishu-h<\/span> uskitimui-h chiih muwiwaau-ch anichii awaashishich.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
The children ate two<\/span> apples each<\/span>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

With ith the addition of the suffix \u2013waau<\/span>, they express distributivity in time:<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u14c3\u1523\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nniishwaau<\/td>\r\ntwo times<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u14c8\u14c3\u1523\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nnaa-niishwaau<\/td>\r\ntwo times each<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

The reduplicated numeral can be used as an initial to create intransitive verbs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u148c \u14c3\u1513\u146d\u14a7\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nchii niishukimuch.<\/td>\r\nTwo of them were doing it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u148c \u14c8\u14c3\u1513\u146d\u14a7\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nchii naa-niishukimuch.<\/td>\r\nThey were doing it in groups of two.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u148c \u14c0\u1405\u1426\u144c \u1405 \u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nchii niishuhtaauch.<\/td>\r\nTwo of them were walking.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u148c \u14c8\u14c0\u1405\u1426\u144c \u1405 \u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nchii naa-niishuhtaauch.<\/td>\r\nThey were walking in groups of two.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Note on Exceptions<\/h3>\r\n\r\n

There are reduplications that are not as obvious as others. They look like the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u148c\u1426\u1491\u152e\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nchiihchaayaau<\/td>\r\nit is a corner<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u146d\u148c\u1426\u1491\u152e\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nki-chiihchaayaau<\/td>\r\nit is square (has corners)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u148b\u14c4\u1473\u1456\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nchinukaataau<\/td>\r\ns\/he has a long leg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u146d\u1473\u14c4\u1473\u1456\u1424<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nki-kaanukaataau<\/td>\r\ns\/he has long legs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

These non-reduplicated forms begin with \u148b<\/span> chi<\/span> but the reduplication takes the form of \u1472<\/span> ka<\/span>. This occurs because historically the word initials began with ka<\/span>, not chi<\/span>, and although that has changed in the non-reduplicated version of the word, the reduplication has remained faithful to its original form. In the second example, reduplication has caused even the main word to retain its original pronunciation when reduplicated.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n

To find out more about reduplication, see the following papers:<\/span><\/p>\r\n