She eats apples all the time, she stuffs herself with apples<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
In the verb\u00a0\u14aa\u14a7\u1427\u1401\u1424<\/span>\u00a0ma-muweu<\/span>\u00a0above, the first syllable\u00a0mu-<\/span>\u00a0of the verb\u00a0\u14a7\u1427\u1401\u1424<\/span>\u00a0muweu<\/span>\u00a0is copied and the vowel\u00a0u<\/span>\u00a0is replaced with\u00a0a<\/span>, which gives us\u00a0ma-<\/span>. This new syllable is then prefixed to the verb to create\u00a0ma-muweu<\/span>. This new word has the additional meaning of\u00a0happening all the time or happening a lot<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Reduplication consists of repeating part of a word to create a new word with an additional meaning. In East Cree, this is done with the beginning of the word, on a part called the initial. It is usually the first syllable that is reduplicated and the first vowel of that syllable is replaced by a<\/span>, aa<\/span>, or aah<\/span>. (There is no difference in meaning associated with the length of the vowel in East Cree, unlike in neighbouring languages.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Not all words with a reduplicated initial have a corresponding word that is not reduplicated. For example there is a word \u14c7\u14c7\u14a5\u1438\u152b<\/span> na-namipayuu<\/span> s\/he trembles<\/span>, but *\u14c7\u14a5\u1438\u152b<\/span> *namipayuu<\/span> does not exist. Speakers agree that the reduplicated form is often used but they cannot imagine what the non-reduplicated version would mean.<\/p>\r\n
Formation<\/h3>\r\n
The following are different styles of reduplications in South East Cree:<\/p>\r\n
1) If the word begins with a consonant, the first syllable is copied and the first vowel is replaced with an a<\/span>, aa<\/span>, or aah<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
2) If the word begins with a vowel (not u<\/span>-), the vowel is copied and replaced by an a<\/span>, aa<\/span>, or aah<\/span>. Also, a connector (-y<\/span>-) is inserted between it and the main word.<\/p>\r\n
\u140a\u1511\u14a3\u1424<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
ashimeu<\/td>\r\n
she feeds him\/her<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u140a\u152d\u1511\u14a3\u1424<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
a-y-ashimeu<\/td>\r\n
she feeds him\/her again and again<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1403\u144c\u1424<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
iteu<\/td>\r\n
she talks about it<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u140a\u1403\u144c\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
a-y-iteu.<\/td>\r\n
she gossips about it<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
3) If the word begins with a u-<\/span>, the next syllable in the word is copied instead and inserted between the u-<\/span> and the main word.<\/p>\r\n
it stops and starts, continuously<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Meaning<\/h3>\r\n
The meaning of reduplication is plurality, intensity or repetition. Reduplication also has an interesting effect on numerals.<\/p>\r\n
1) Plurality: In the following examples of verbs of states describing size, reduplication is used when things exist in pairs or are grouped with many more of the same thing. When there is only one thing, the non-reduplicated form is used.<\/p>\r\n
it opens and closes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
4) Numerals:<\/p>\r\n
Reduplicated numerals are used to express distributivity. Numeral particles are used to express concepts translated by each<\/span> in English.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
They were walking in groups of four.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Note on Exceptions<\/h3>\r\n\r\n
There are reduplications that are not as obvious as others. They look like the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u148b\u14a5\u1431\u1455\u14bb<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
chi<\/span>mipitam<\/td>\r\n
s\/he tears it up<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1472\u148b\u14a5\u1431\u1455\u14bb<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
ka-chi<\/span>mipitam<\/td>\r\n
s\/he tears it up piece by piece<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u148b\u14c4\u1473\u144c\u1424<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
chinukaateu<\/td>\r\n
s\/he has a long leg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>
\u1472\u1473\u14c4\u1473\u144c\u1424<\/td>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n
ka-kaanukaateu<\/td>\r\n
s\/he has long legs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
These non-reduplicated forms begin with \u148b<\/span> chi<\/span> but the reduplication takes the form of \u1472<\/span> ka<\/span>. This occurs because historically the word initials began with ka<\/span>, not chi<\/span>, and although that has changed in the non-reduplicated version of the word, the reduplication has remained faithful to its original form. In the second example, reduplication has caused even the main word to retain its original pronunciation when reduplicated.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n
To find out more about reduplication, see the following papers:<\/span><\/p>\r\n
Junker, Marie-Odile and Louise Blacksmith (1994). Reduplication in East Cree. In W. Cowan (ed.) Actes du vingt-cinqui\u00e8me Congr\u00e8s des Algonquinistes<\/span>, 265-273.<\/li>\r\n
Junker, Marie-Odile (2007) La r\u00e9duplication en cri de l\u2019Est: quantification et distributivit\u00e9. Faits de Langue, 29. La r\u00e9duplication.<\/span> A. Morgenstern & A. Michaud (eds.) 160-175.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>