{"id":4809,"date":"2011-11-01T10:32:01","date_gmt":"2011-11-01T14:32:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/"},"modified":"2025-08-27T10:30:46","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T14:30:46","slug":"strategies-to-create-new-words","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/southern-dialect\/word-formation\/strategies-to-create-new-words\/","title":{"rendered":"Strategies to Create New Words"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"pg-title\"><a name=\"top\"><\/a>Strategies to Create New Words<\/h1>\r\n<p>All human languages use certain common strategies to create new words:<\/p>\r\n<ul><li><a href=\"#borrowing\">borrowing<\/a> from another language<\/li>\r\n<li>giving a <a href=\"#meaning\">new meaning<\/a> to existing words<\/li>\r\n<li>creating new words using <a href=\"#rules\">the rules of the language<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"head\"><a name=\"borrowing\"><\/a>Strategy One: Borrowing<\/h3>\r\n<h4>1. Borrowing a word from another language<\/h4>\r\n<p>Using or borrowing a word from another language is a common way of finding new words when a language needs them. The words are usually borrowed from the language and culture which introduces the new item or idea. In Cree, the words which have been borrowed are mainly nouns which are names for things, often items of food and clothing or new technology.<\/p>\r\n<p>Older borrowed words are integrated into the language and have a very Cree pronunciation. New or recently borrowed words have a more English or French pronunciation and include verbs as well as nouns. All borrowed words take Cree inflection. For example:<\/p>\r\n<table class=\"clear\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14c2\u1472\u14bb\u1431\u152b\u144e\u1546\u14a5\u1525<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/ni-computer-imish.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">ni-computer-imish<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"gloss\">my laptop<\/span> (lit. <span class=\"gloss\">my little computer)<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><table class=\"clear med-table\"><caption>Words borrowed from English<\/caption>\r\n<tbody><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1514\u1473\u1424<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/shuukaau.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">shuukaau<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">sugar<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u144f<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/tii.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">tii<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">tea<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u144f\u1427\u1439\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/tiipwaat.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">tiipwaat<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">teapot<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14ab\u148c\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/maachiis.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">maachiis<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">matches<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1427\u1473\u1432<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/kwaapii.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">kwaapii<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">coffee<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u142f\u1439\u1424<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/pepaau.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">pepaau<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">pepper<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1438\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/pat.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">pat<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">butter<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1472\u1438\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/kapat.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">kapat<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">cupboard<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1438\u144c\u144e\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/patetis.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">patetis<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">potatoes (patates)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1427\u1439\u1472\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/pwaakit.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">pwaakat<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">pocket<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u142f\u144e\u146f\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/petikut.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">petikut<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">petticoat<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1489\u1472\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/chekat.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">chekat<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">jacket<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14aa\u14db\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/malaasis.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">malaasis<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">molasses<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14a5\u14c2\u146f\u1525<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/minikush.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">minikush<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">minute<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14ab\u1426\u146e<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/maahkii.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">maahkii<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">marquee<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1438\u1427\u14db\u14a1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/palwaach.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">palwaach<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">badge<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14d5\u1431\u14d0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/lipin.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">lipin<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">ribbon<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14d3\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/les.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">les<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">lace<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u146d\u148b\u14d0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/kichin.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">kichin<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">kitchen<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1432\u14d0\u1470<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/piinkuu.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">piinkuu<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">bingo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1432\u14c2\u14f4\u14a1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/piinisach.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">piinisach<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">beans<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1434\u144e\u14d0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/puutin.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">puutin<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">pudding<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1427\u140b\u14a1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/waach.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">waach<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">watch<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1427\u1473\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/kwaat.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">kwaat<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">coat<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1427\u1439\u1426\u14a1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/pwaach.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">pwaahch<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">porch<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1439\u14c2\u146e\u1483<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/paanikiik.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">paanikiik<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">pancake<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1427\u1516\u14ea \/ \u1427\u1516\u14d0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/shwaan.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">shwaan<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">shawl<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u140b\u1426\u140b\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/aahaas.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">aahaas<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">horse<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1491\u14bb<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/chaam.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">chaam<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">jam<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1427\u1491\u1472\u14da\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/chwaakalit.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">chwaakalat<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">chocolate<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14f0\u1405\u144f\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/siiutiis.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">siiutiis<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">sweets<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1505\u142f\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/spet.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">spet<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">spade<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1401\u14d0\u148b\u14ea<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/anchil.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">enchil<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">angel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1505\u146e\u1451<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/skiituu.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">skiituu<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">skidoo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1505\u146f\u14ea<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/skuul.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">skuul<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">school<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><table class=\"clear med-table\"><caption>Words borrowed from French<\/caption>\r\n<tbody><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14f0\u1439\u1403<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/shiipaai.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">shiipaai<\/td>\r\n<td><em>cipaille<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">dumpling<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14a6\u14c5\u1525<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/miinuush.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">miinuush<\/td>\r\n<td><em>minouche<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">cat<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1473\u14d8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/kaalu.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">kaaluu<\/td>\r\n<td><em>carreaux<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">card<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1434\u1455\u1403<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/puutai.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">puutai<\/td>\r\n<td><em>bouteille<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">bottle<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1451\u1432\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/tuupiis.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">tuupiis<\/td>\r\n<td><em>autobus<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">bus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u144c\u1472\u14d3\u1449<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/tekalep.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">tekalep<\/td>\r\n<td><em>des cr\u00eapes<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">pancake, crepe<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>The pronunciation of new borrowed words is closer to the original English or French pronunciation because people now are bilingual or trilingual. This is especially true of names for people which are borrowed from English and French with their English and French pronunciation, even if they are being written in syllabics.<\/p>\r\n<p>Certain classes of words are commonly used with the English pronunciation while speaking Cree. These are the words for numbers, expressions of time (days, months) and colours.<\/p>\r\n<h4>2. Borrowing the Translation only<\/h4>\r\n<p>Another way of borrowing is to use the ideas in the dominant language but translate them literally into Cree, as for example when <em>chairman<\/em> is translated as *<span class=\"bjct\">\u144c\u1426\u1455\u1433\u1427\u1403\u14c8\u142f\u1424<\/span> *<span class=\"crt\">tehtapuwinaapeu<\/span> <span class=\"glosst\">chair+man<\/span> or as <span class=\"bjct\">\u144c\u1426\u1455\u1433\u1427\u1403\u14c5\u148b\u14ab\u1424<\/span> <span class=\"crt\">tehtapuwinuuchimaau<\/span> <span class=\"glosst\">chair+boss<\/span>, instead of using the Cree word, <span class=\"bjct\">\u1473\u14c3\u1473\u14c7\u1431\u1525\u1455\u1426\u1483<\/span> <span class=\"crt\">kaaniikaanapishtahk<\/span>. Literally translated words exist because of language contact and bilingualism. This is not considered a good way to make new Cree words.<\/p>\r\n<h3 class=\"head\"><a name=\"meaning\"><\/a>Strategy Two: Giving a New Meaning to an Existing Word<\/h3>\r\n<p>This process is found in all languages of the world. There is usually an element of meaning that is common to the old usage and the new usage of the word. For example, <span class=\"crt\">apui<\/span> the paddle and <span class=\"crt\">apui<\/span> the propeller have in common a certain shape (the shape of a paddle) and a function (moving something forward). When a word has two meanings which have a common element we speak of polysemy.<\/p>\r\n<table class=\"clear\"><tbody><tr><td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><em>Original Meaning<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong><em>New Meaning<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u140a\u1433\u1403<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/apui.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">apui<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">paddle<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">propeller<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1403\u1525\u146f\u144c\u1424<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/ishkuteu.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">ishkuteu<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"gloss\">fire<\/span> (ni)<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"gloss\">battery<\/span> (na), <span class=\"gloss\">sparkplugs<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u14ab\u144e\u1505<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/maatis.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">maatis<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">flint<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"gloss\">sparkplug<\/span> (na, Waswanipi)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1405\u1525\u1472\u1512<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/ushkashii.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">ushkashii<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">nail, claw<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">skidoo track<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u140a\u1426\u1404\u1432<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/ahiipii.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">ahiipii<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">net<\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"gloss\">net for hockey, basketball and other games, lamp mantle<\/span> (Waskaganish)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1405\u1455\u148b\u1512<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/utachishii.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\">utachishii<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">guts<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\">hose, extension cord<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3 class=\"head\"><a name=\"rules\"><\/a>Strategy Three: Using the Rules of the Language<\/h3>\r\n<p>Neologism is the art of making new words using the rules of the language. Words live and die. Words to talk about bush life are dying today in Cree because less people live in this reality. On the other hand, words that reflect the modern life are created everyday by Cree speakers. <span>See the terminology forum.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<table class=\"clear\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1480\u1525\u1480\u1525\u146b\u1438\u1528\u1426\u1406\u1419\u1472\u14d0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/kwaashkwaashkwepayihuuwaakan.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"crex\">kwaashkwaashkwepayihuuwaakan<\/span> (ni)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\" style=\"text-align: left;\">jolly jumper<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"bjcex\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u1473\u1427\u1473\u1525\u1427\u1473\u1427\u146b\u1438\u1426\u1456\u1466<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18px;\"><img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/grammar\/SWF\/kaakwaashkwaashkwepahtaat.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"crex\">kaakwaashkwaashkwepahtaat<\/span> (nap)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\" style=\"text-align: left;\">kangaroo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>In Cree, a word is made up of many small parts and it is important to understand what these parts are and how they combine to understand how new word creation can happen in Cree. See: <a href=\"..\/word-structure\/\">Structure of Cree words<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The parts of a word: <span class=\"bjct\">\u1404\u1456\u142f\u1472\u14a8<\/span> <span class=\"crt\">iitaapekamuu<\/span> <span class=\"glosst\">it (string-like) stretches from here to there<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<table><tbody><tr><td class=\"crex\" style=\"text-align: center;\">iit<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\" style=\"text-align: center;\">aapek<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex bright\" style=\"text-align: center;\">amu<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"crex\" style=\"text-align: center;\">-u<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"gloss\" style=\"text-align: center;\">so<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss\" style=\"text-align: center;\">string-like<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"gloss bright\" style=\"text-align: center;\">stretch<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3rd person<span class=\"gloss\">s\/he<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/southern-dialect\/word-formation\/word-structure\/#structure-initial\">INITIAL<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/southern-dialect\/word-formation\/word-structure\/#structure-medial\">MEDIAL<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"bright\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/southern-dialect\/word-formation\/word-structure\/#structure-final\">FINAL<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Personal suffix<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td class=\"btop bright\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">STEM<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"btop\" style=\"text-align: center;\">INFLECTION<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div id=\"cite\" style=\"z-index: 2000000; display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;\">\r\n<div style=\"z-index: 2000000; position: fixed; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"z-index: 5000000; position: relative; margin: 10% auto; width: 800px; min-height: 200px; max-height:600px; background-color: white; border-radius: 1em; padding: 1em 2em;\">\r\n\r\n<button class=\"closeButton close\" title=\"close\" style=\"float:right; max-height: 14px;\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';\"><\/button>\r\n<table style=\"max-width: 100%;\"><tbody><tr><td style=\"font-weight: bold;\">APA:<\/td>\r\n<td>Junker, M.-O., &amp; MacKenzie, M. (2013). <span style=\"font-style: italic;\"> East Cree Word Formation (Southern Dialect).<\/span> In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. Retrieved from <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">[URL]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td style=\"font-weight: bold;\">MLA:<\/td>\r\n<td>Marie-Odile Junker and Marguerite MacKenzie. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\">East Cree Word Formation (Southern Dialect).<\/span> In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. 2013. Web. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">[date]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"font-size: 0.8em; padding-left:20px;\"> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[URL]<\/span> = website address, beginning with \u201chttp:\/\/\u201d<br><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[Date]<\/span> = the date you accessed the page, styled as follows: 13 Dec. 2015<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Strategies to Create New Words All human languages use certain common strategies to create new words: borrowing from another language giving a new meaning to existing words creating new words using the rules of the language Strategy One: Borrowing 1. Borrowing a word from another language Using or borrowing a word from another language is&#8230;  <a  class=\" btn btn-lg btn-primary \" href=\"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/southern-dialect\/word-formation\/strategies-to-create-new-words\/\">Read the full article&#8230;<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":4806,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4809"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4809"}],"version-history":[{"count":88,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4809\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14346,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4809\/revisions\/14346"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}