{"id":405,"date":"2009-12-29T10:22:03","date_gmt":"2009-12-29T15:22:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/beta.eastcree.org\/eastcree\/?page_id=405"},"modified":"2017-07-17T21:10:35","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T01:10:35","slug":"about-plosives","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/sounds-east-cree\/sounds\/consonants\/plosives\/about-plosives\/","title":{"rendered":"About Plosives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"pg-title\"><a name=\"top\"><\/a>More about plosives (P, T, K)<\/h1>\r\n<p>In both East Cree and English, you can hear nine types of plosives, also called stops: <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0, t\u02b0, k\u02b0  ]<\/span>, <span class=\"ipa\">[ b, d, g ]<\/span>, and <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, t, k ]<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0, t\u02b0 ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> are pronounced with a puff of air afterwards. You can  hear this puff of air as a brief H-like sound after the consonant. This puff of  air is called ASPIRATION.<\/p>\r\n<ul><li>Do the &#8216;puff test&#8217;. Put your hand in front of your mouth, and say  <em>pan<\/em>, <em>tan<\/em>, or <em>can<\/em> loudly. Notice the puff of air after  the <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0 ]<\/span>, <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0 ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> sounds. It is especially noticeable after the <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0  ]<\/span> sound.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><p>In contrast, there is no puff of air after the <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span> or <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> sounds in  English.<\/p>\r\n<ul><li>Do the &#8216;puff test&#8217; again. Put your hand in front of your mouth, and say  <em>dig<\/em>, or <em>gig<\/em>. Notice that there is no puff of air after the  first <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> in each word.<\/li>\r\n<li>There <em>is<\/em> a very slight puff of air after the <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span> sound in  <em>big<\/em>, but it does not sound H-like<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><p>It is hard to hear the difference between <span class=\"ipa\">[ b, d, g ]<\/span>, and <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, t, k ]<\/span>.  (Technically speaking, <span class=\"ipa\">[ b, d, g ]<\/span> are <em>voiced<\/em>, and <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, t, k ]<\/span> are  <em>voiceless<\/em>. All six of these sounds are unaspirated.)<\/p>\r\n<p>You can hear the sounds <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, t, k ]<\/span> in English words like <em>spill<\/em>,  <em>still<\/em> and <em>skill<\/em>. (In the following examples, the <span class=\"ipa\">[ s ]<\/span> sound  has been removed from the words <em>spill<\/em>, <em>still<\/em> and  <em>skill<\/em> so you can hear the <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, t ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> sounds more clearly.) If  you listen carefully to the following examples, you <em>might<\/em> hear the  difference between, say, <span class=\"ipa\">[ p ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span>. In contrast, it is much easier to hear  the difference between <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0 ]<\/span> and the other two sounds, <span class=\"ipa\">[ p ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<ul><li><em>spill<\/em> without the S sound <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/pill_no_s.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><span class=\"ipa\">[  p\u026al ]<\/span>; sounds different from <em>bill<\/em> <span class=\"ipa\">[ b\u026al ]<\/span> <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/bill.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"> or  <em>pill<\/em> <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0\u026al ]<\/span> <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/pill.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\">.<\/li>\r\n<li><em>still<\/em> without the S sound <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/still_no_s.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><span class=\"ipa\">[  t\u026al ]<\/span>; sounds different from <em>dill<\/em> <span class=\"ipa\">[ d\u026al ]<\/span> <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/dill.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"> or  <em>till<\/em> <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0\u026al ]<\/span> <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/till.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\">.<\/li>\r\n<li><em>skill<\/em> without the S sound <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/kill_no_s.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><span class=\"ipa\">[  k\u026al ]<\/span>; sounds slightly different from <em>gill<\/em> <span class=\"ipa\">[ g\u026al ]<\/span> <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/gill.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"> or  <em>kill<\/em> <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0\u026al ]<\/span> <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/kill.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\">.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><p>If anything, <em>spill<\/em> without the S sounds closer to <em>bill<\/em> than  to <em>pill<\/em>. Similarly, <em>still<\/em> without the S sounds closer to  <em>dill<\/em> than to <em>till<\/em>. Finally, <em>skill<\/em> without the S  sounds closer to <em>gill<\/em> than to <em>kill<\/em>. The above examples show  that the <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, t ]<\/span>, and <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> sounds after S are &#8216;neither fish nor fowl&#8217; to an  English speaker because they are unaspirated.<\/p>\r\n<p>English speakers spell the sounds <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0, t\u02b0, k\u02b0 ]<\/span>, <span class=\"ipa\">[ b, d, g ]<\/span>, and <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, t, k  ]<\/span> differently than East Cree speakers do. English speakers write P for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ p ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0 ]<\/span> sounds, T for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ t ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0 ]<\/span> sounds, and K for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[  k\u02b0 ]<\/span> sounds. In addition, they write B for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span> sound, D for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span> sound, and G for the hard <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> sound.<\/p>\r\n<p>In contrast, East Cree speakers use the letter P for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ p ]<\/span>, <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0 ]<\/span> <em>and<\/em> <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span> sounds; similarly, they use the letter T for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ t ]<\/span>, <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0  ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span> sounds, and K for the <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span>, <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span>, and <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> sounds. To put it  another way:<\/p>\r\n<ul><li>Cree speakers can pronounce the letter P either as a P <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0 ]<\/span> sound or as a  B-like <span class=\"ipa\">[ p, b ]<\/span> sound.<\/li>\r\n<li>Similarly, they can pronounce the letter T either as a T <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0 ]<\/span> sound or as  a D-like <span class=\"ipa\">[ t, d ]<\/span> sound.<\/li>\r\n<li>They can also pronounce the letter K either as a K <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> sound or as a  G-like <span class=\"ipa\">[ k, g ]<\/span> sound.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><p>The difference between the sounds <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> ,or <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> (etc.) is not important to a Cree speaker because using <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> or <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> instead  of <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> (etc.) does not change the meaning of any word. For example, a Northern East Cree  speaker can equally well use a <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> or a <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> sound at the beginning of the word <span class=\"bjct\">\u146d\u1431\u1456\u1424<\/span> <img class=\"clickable\" title=\"Click here to hear this word\" data-sound-url=\"\/snd\/phonetics\/cree-north\/b_kipitaau.mp3\" src=\"\/img\/speak.gif\" alt=\"Click here to hear this word\"><em>kipitaau<\/em> (ki-pi-taau). (In fact, it is hard for an English speaker to tell what the  first sound in the following word is, since it is pronounced without any  aspiration.)<\/p>\r\n<p>In contrast, the difference between the sounds <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> ,or <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> and  <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> (etc.) is meaningful in English &#8212; think of <em>could<\/em> (which begins  with a <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> sound) and <em>good<\/em>, which begins with a <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> sound. In  English, the difference between <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> carries meaning.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, there is one type of case where English speakers can also use <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0  ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span> sounds interchangeably without a change in meaning. Think of words  like <em>shutter<\/em> which can be pronounced either as <span class=\"ipa\">[ \u0283\u028ct\u02b0\u0259\u02de ]<\/span> or <span class=\"ipa\">[ \u0283\u028cd\u0259\u02de ]<\/span>;  or <em>later<\/em>, which can be pronounced as <span class=\"ipa\">[ let\u02b0\u0259\u02de ]<\/span> or <span class=\"ipa\">[ led\u0259\u02de ]<\/span>. This type  of situation is exactly parallel to the East Cree case, except that <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0 ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[  d ]<\/span> are interchangeable in only a few English words. (And finally, <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0 ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[  b ]<\/span>, or <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> and <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> are never interchangeable in English.)<\/p>\r\n<h4>Summary<\/h4>\r\n<h5>What English speakers hear<\/h5>\r\n<p>When East Cree speakers pronounce P as <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0 ]<\/span> (the sound in <em>pill<\/em>),  we hear it as a P sound; in contrast, when they pronounce P as a <span class=\"ipa\">[ p ]<\/span> &#8212; the P  sound in <em>spill<\/em> &#8212; or as a <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span> (the sound in <em>bill<\/em>), English  speakers hear it as a B sound. Meanwhile, all three of these sounds are  acceptable ways of pronouncing the letter P in East Cree.<\/p>\r\n<p>When East Cree speakers pronounce T as <span class=\"ipa\">[ t\u02b0 ]<\/span> (the sound in <em>till<\/em>),  we hear it as a T sound; in contrast, when they pronounce T as a <span class=\"ipa\">[ t ]<\/span> &#8212; the T  sound in <em>still<\/em> &#8212; or as a <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span> (the sound in <em>dill<\/em>), English  speakers hear it as a D sound. Meanwhile, all three of these sounds are  acceptable ways of pronouncing the letter T in East Cree.<\/p>\r\n<p>When East Cree speakers pronounce K as <span class=\"ipa\">[ k\u02b0 ]<\/span> (the first sound in  <em>kill<\/em>), we hear it as a K sound; in contrast, when they pronounce K as a  <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> &#8212; the K sound in <em>skill<\/em> &#8212; or as a <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> (the sound in  <em>gill<\/em>), English speakers hear it as a G sound. Meanwhile, all three of  these sounds are acceptable ways of pronouncing the letter K in East Cree.<\/p>\r\n<h5><a name=\"ptk\"><\/a>How to pronounce East Cree P, T, and K<\/h5>\r\n<p>There are some rules of thumb about when to use the various P, T, and K  sounds in East Cree<\/p>\r\n<ul><li>Cree speakers have a tendency to use P <span class=\"ipa\">[ p ]<\/span>, T <span class=\"ipa\">[ t ]<\/span>, and K <span class=\"ipa\">[ k ]<\/span> at the  very beginning of the word; however, they can also use B <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span>, D <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span>, and G <span class=\"ipa\">[  g ]<\/span> instead.\r\n<ul><li>Pronounce P, T, and K without a puff of air at the beginning of the word.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><\/li>\r\n<li>East Cree speakers also tend to use <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span>, <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span>, and <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> between vowels.\r\n<ul><li>Pronounce P as <span class=\"ipa\">[ b ]<\/span>, T as <span class=\"ipa\">[ d ]<\/span> and K as a hard <span class=\"ipa\">[ g ]<\/span> sound  between vowels.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><\/li>\r\n<li>East Cree speakers also use the aspirated consonants <span class=\"ipa\">[ p\u02b0, t\u02b0, k\u02b0 ]<\/span> (i.e.,  consonants followed by a noticeable puff of air) at the end of the word, or when another stop sound occurs immediately after.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><p>For  more information, see the page on <a href=\"..\/voicing\/\" target=\"_blank\">plosive voicing<\/a> and\u00a0 <a href=\"..\/..\/..\/..\/orthography\/roman\" target=\"_blank\">how to write  East Cree sounds<\/a>.<\/p><div id=\"cite\" style=\"z-index: 2000000; display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;\">\r\n<div style=\"z-index: 2000000; position: fixed; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"z-index: 5000000; position: relative; margin: 10% auto; width: 800px; min-height: 200px; max-height:600px; background-color: white; border-radius: 1em; padding: 1em 2em;\">\r\n\r\n<button class=\"closeButton close\" title=\"close\" style=\"float:right; max-height: 14px;\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('cite').style.display='none';\"><\/button>\r\n<table style=\"max-width: 100%;\"><tbody><tr><td style=\"font-weight: bold;\">APA:<\/td>\r\n<td>Dyck, C., &amp; Junker, M.-O. (2010). <span style=\"font-style: italic;\"> The Sounds of East Cree.<\/span> In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. Retrieved from <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">[URL]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr><tr><td style=\"font-weight: bold;\">MLA:<\/td>\r\n<td>Carrie Dyck and Marie-Odile Junker. <span style=\"font-style: italic;\"> The Sounds of East Cree.<\/span> In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. 2010. Web. <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">[date]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"font-size: 0.8em; padding-left:20px;\"> <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[URL]<\/span> = website address, beginning with \u201chttp:\/\/\u201d<br><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">[Date]<\/span> = the date you accessed the page, styled as follows: 13 Dec. 2015<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"More about plosives (P, T, K) In both East Cree and English, you can hear nine types of plosives, also called stops: [ p\u02b0, t\u02b0, k\u02b0 ], [ b, d, g ], and [ p, t, k ]. [ p\u02b0, t\u02b0 ] and [ k\u02b0 ] are pronounced with a puff of air afterwards. You&#8230;  <a  class=\" btn btn-lg btn-primary \" href=\"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/sounds-east-cree\/sounds\/consonants\/plosives\/about-plosives\/\">Read the full article&#8230;<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":403,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/405"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=405"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12946,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/405\/revisions\/12946"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}