{"id":301,"date":"2009-12-27T11:31:37","date_gmt":"2009-12-27T16:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/beta.eastcree.org\/eastcree\/?page_id=301"},"modified":"2022-03-14T14:07:27","modified_gmt":"2022-03-14T18:07:27","slug":"preverbs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/northern-dialect\/verbs\/preverbs\/","title":{"rendered":"Preverbs"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a>Preverbs<\/h1>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Observation<\/caption>\r\n
\u14c2\u148c\u1426 \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nnichiih miichisun.<\/td>\r\nI ate.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14c2\u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nnimiichisun.<\/td>\r\nI am eating.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

The \u148c\u1426<\/span> chiih<\/span> part in the above example is called a preverb. Preverbs are found just before the verb, and after the personal prefix in the Independent order. Preverbs can express variation of tense (past, future) and modality (‘want’, ‘can’), as well as aspectual dimensions or qualities of events such a ‘begin to…’, ‘stop…’, etc.<\/p>\r\n

Preverbs should be written separately from the verb (see Spelling Manual<\/a>). The preverbs that express aspectual dimensions or qualities of events and they can also function as initials.<\/a> Whenever these lexical preverbs are before a verb that exists on its own, the preverb will be separated, unless the verb is a very common verb.<\/p>\r\n

The order of preverbs <\/a>is relatively fixed, with some appearing closer to the verb than others when several are used.<\/p>\r\n

<\/a>List of common preverbs with examples<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Preverb<\/th>\r\nUsage<\/th>\r\nExamples<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u140b\u1426<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\naa(h)<\/td>\r\nconjunct neutral preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14a5\u153b\u1528\u1426\u1456\u14d0 \u140b\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a5\u14ef\u14c2\u1426\u1404\u1491\u152e\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnimiywaayihtaan aah <\/strong> misinihiichaayaan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI like to write.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1473<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nkaa<\/td>\r\nconjunct preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1473<\/strong> \u14c2\u1439\u1466\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nfor relative clauses ‘who’<\/td>\r\nkaa <\/strong> nipaat.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nThe one who is sleeping.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1473\u1426<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nkaa(h)<\/td>\r\nindicating past time ‘when’<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1473\u1426<\/strong> \u140a\u1528\u14a5\u152e\u14d0 \u1405\u1456\u146f\u1512\u1426\u14a1 \u148c\u1426 \u14a5\u1426\u1491\u144e\u14c8\u14c2\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nkaah <\/strong> ayimiyaan utaakushiihch chiih mihchaatinaaniu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nWhen I spoke yesterday there were many people.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nalso found with chii(h)<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u140b\u146f\u1426 \u1405\u152e\u1528\u1424 \u1473 \u148c<\/strong> \u1403\u1426\u144e\u1483 \u1404\u14c8\u14c2\u1424 \u140b\u1426\u140b\u1431\u1484 , \u1473\u1426<\/strong> \u146d\u1427\u1403 \u1511\u14a7\u14c8\u14c2\u1427\u1403\u1427\u1403\u1528\u14a1\u1426 \u1473 \u148c<\/strong> \u1403\u1426\u1404\u1431\u1426\u1491\u1466 \u140b\u1473 \u14c2\u144e\u1427\u140b\u1528\u1426\u144e\u1426\u1483 \u1491 \u146d\u14c2\u1427\u140b\u1431\u14ab\u146d\u14c2\u1427\u1403\u1466\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n(kaa chii<\/span> ‘used to’)<\/td>\r\naakuh uyaayiu kaa chii<\/strong> ihtik iinaaniu aahaapikw , kaah<\/strong> kiwishimunaaniwiwiyichh kaa chii<\/strong> ihiipihchaat aakaa nitiwaayihtihk chaa kiniwaapimaakiniwit.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nAahaapikw used to make his net at night when everyone had gone to bed, because he didn’t want to anyone to watch him.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1491<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nchaa<\/td>\r\nconjunct future preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n… \u1491 <\/strong> \u14c2\u146d\u14a7\u152e\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n… chaa <\/strong> nikimuyaan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI will sing.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n… \u1491 <\/strong> \u14c2\u146d\u14a7\u1528\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n… chaa <\/strong> nikimuyin.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nYou will sing.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n… \u1491 <\/strong> \u14c2\u146d\u14a7\u1466\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n… chaa <\/strong> nikimut.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nS\/he will sing.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1491 <\/strong>\u1439\u148b \u1427\u1404\u1491\u1427\u1403\u1528\u14d0 \u1404\u1450\u1426\u1456\u152e\u14c8 \u140b\u1426 \u14a5\u146f\u1516\u14c2\u1427\u1403\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchaa <\/strong> paachi wiichaawiyin iituhtaayaanaa aai mikushaaniwich.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nYou will come with me when I go to the feast.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u148b\u1505\u1491\u1528\u14ab\u1424 \u1516\u1525 \u1427\u1404\u1431\u14a1 \u1491 <\/strong>\u144e\u146f\u1511\u1426\u1483\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnichischaayimaau shaash wiipich chaa<\/strong> tikushihk.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI now know that s\/he will return soon.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u146d\u144e<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nkiti<\/td>\r\nindependent future preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u146d\u144e <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f2 \u1405\u1456\u146f\u1511\u1528\u1491\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n(for 3rd persons only)<\/td>\r\nkiti <\/strong> miichisuu utaakushiyichaa.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nShe will eat this evening.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1427\u140b\u1431\u1426\u1491 \u146d\u144e \u1404\u1505\u1431\u1528\u1424 \u1405\u14c2\u1451\u1426\u1406\u146d\u14a5\u146f\u1511\u1426\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nwaapihchaa kiti iispiyiu unituuhuukimikushihch.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nS\/he will go to his\/her hunting cabin tomorrow.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u148b\u146d<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nchiki<\/td>\r\nindependent future preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u146d <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f2 \u1405\u1456\u146f\u1511\u1528\u1491\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n(for 3rd persons)<\/td>\r\nchiki <\/strong> miichisuu utaakushiyichaa.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nHe will eat this evening.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1427\u140b\u1431\u1426\u1491 \u148b\u146d <\/strong>\u1403\u1505\u1431\u1528\u1424 \u1405\u14c2\u1451\u1426\u1406\u146d\u14a5\u146f\u1511\u1426\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nwaapihchaa chiki <\/strong> ispiyiu. unituuhuukimikushihch.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nS\/he will go to her\/his hunting cabin tomorrow.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u146d <\/strong>\u14ab\u148c\u1424 \u1427\u140b\u14f5 \u140b\u1426 \u14a5\u1426\u1491\u144e\u14c8\u14c2\u1427\u1403\u1528\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchiki <\/strong>maachiiu waasaa aah mihchaatinaaniwiyich.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nS\/he will be leaving because there are too many people.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
-ki<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nindependent future preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u146d <\/strong>\u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0 \u1405\u1456\u146f\u1511\u1491\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14c2\u146d<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nniki<\/td>\r\n(for 1st persons)<\/td>\r\nniki <\/strong>miichisun utaakushichaa.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI will eat this evening.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u146d <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0 \u1405\u1456\u146f\u1511\u1491\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u148b\u146d<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nchiki<\/td>\r\n(for 2nd persons)<\/td>\r\nchiki <\/strong> miichisun utaakushichaa.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nYou will eat this evening.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u148c\u1426<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nchii(h)<\/td>\r\npast tense preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnichiih <\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI ate.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchichiih <\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nYou ate.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f2\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchiih <\/strong> miichisuu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nS\/he ate.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n… \u140b\u1426 \u148c\u1426 \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u152e\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n… aah chiih <\/strong> miichisuyaan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n…when I ate.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1431\u152e\u1511\u1419\u146d\u14c2\u140e\u1528\u14a1\u1426 \u14c2\u14ab\u1505\u1426 \u1404\u152e\u1484 \u1473 \u148c <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u1466\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\npiyaashiwaakiniwiyichh nimaas-h iiyaakw kaa chii <\/strong> miichisut.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nWhenever the fish were brought, then he would eat.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u148b\u1431\u1426<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n(chi)pih<\/td>\r\nobligation-conditional<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1516\u1525 \u148b\u1431\u1426 <\/strong> \u146f\u140e\u1511\u14a8 \u1405\u152e \u1516\u1525 \u140b \u1403\u1525\u1431\u1511\u1431\u1528\u1528\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘should\/could’ (for second and third person of independent verbs)<\/td>\r\nshaash chipih <\/strong> kuwishimuu uyaa shaash aa ishpishipiyiyich.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘S\/he should be in bed at this hour.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14c2\u1431\u1426<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n(ni)pih<\/td>\r\nobligation-conditional<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘should\/could’<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n(for first person of independent verbs)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u148c\u1426<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nchii(h)<\/td>\r\nmodality preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u146d \u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u1403\u1426\u1450\u1426\u1456\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nindicating possibility ‘can'(preceded by the future preverb:niki<\/span> and chiki<\/span> or chaa<\/span>)<\/td>\r\nniki chiih <\/strong> ihtuhtaan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘I can go.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u146d \u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u1403\u1426\u1450\u1456\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchiki chiih<\/strong> ihtutaan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘You can go.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u146d\u144e \u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u1403\u1426\u1450\u1456\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nkiti chiih <\/strong> ihtutaau.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘S\/he can go.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u146d \u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u1403\u1426\u1450\u1456\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchiki chiih<\/strong> ihtutaau.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘S\/he can go.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1491 \u148c\u1426 <\/strong> \u1403\u1426\u1450\u1426\u1456\u1419\u14c8 …<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchaa chiih <\/strong> ihtuhtaawaanaa…<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘ If I can go.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u146d\u1528\u1427\u1439 \u1491 \u148c\u1426 <\/strong>\u1431\u14a5\u14c2\u1427\u140b\u152e\u14d0 \u14a5\u146f\u1516\u14c2\u1427\u1403\u1491\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nkiyipwaa chaa chiih <\/strong> piminiwaayaan mikushaaniwichaa.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘Yes, I will be able to cook for the feast.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1427\u1404\u1426<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nwii(h)<\/td>\r\nmodality preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u14c2 \u1410\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nindicating volition ‘want’<\/td>\r\nni wiih<\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘I want to eat.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148b \u1410\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchi wiih <\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘You want to eat.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1410\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f2\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nwiih <\/strong> miichisuu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘S\/he wants to eat.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1419\u1426<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nwaa(h)<\/td>\r\nconjunct modality preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1419\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u140e\u14c8 …<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nindicating volition ‘want’<\/td>\r\nwaah <\/strong> miichisuwinaa…<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘If you want to eat …’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n(changed conjunct of wiih<\/span>)<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1419\u1426 <\/strong> \u14c2\u1439\u14a1\u1426 …<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nwaah <\/strong> nipaachh…<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘If s\/he wants to sleep…’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1419\u1426 <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14a1\u1426 …<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nwaah <\/strong> miichisuchh…<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘If s\/he wants to eat…’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1405\u1426\u148b<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nuhchi<\/td>\r\npast preverb accompanies the negation with independent and conjunct verbs<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14a5 \u1405\u1426\u148b <\/strong> \u148c\u1426 \u14c2\u1439\u1424 \u140b\u1426 \u148c\u1426 \u146f\u1525\u1456\u148b\u1466\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnimi uhchi <\/strong> chiih nipaau aah chiih kushtaachit.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘He could not sleep because he was afraid.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1456\u1439 \u1405\u1426\u148b <\/strong>\u1403\u1426\u144e\u146f\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\ntaapaa uhchi <\/strong>ihtikun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘There was none.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1456\u1439 \u1403\u1426\u144e\u146f\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\ntaapaa ihtikun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘There is none.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u140b\u1405\u1484 \u1427\u140b\u1525 \u1473 \u148b\u1505\u146f\u144e\u14ab\u1405\u14f1\u1427\u140b\u1491\u1528\u1426\u1484 \u146d\u152e\u1426 , \u140b\u1473 <\/strong>\u1405\u1426\u148b <\/strong>\u1403\u1426\u144e\u146f\u1426\u14a1 \u146f\u144e\u14a1 \u140a\u1528\u14a7\u1427\u1403\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\naaukw waash kaa chiskutimaausuwaachaayihkw kiyaah, aakaa <\/strong>uhchi <\/strong>ihtikuhch kutich ayimuwin.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘We used it to teach our children, before there was any other language.’<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u140a\u144e<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\nati<\/td>\r\nAspectual preverb<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u1516\u1525 \u140a\u144e <\/strong>\u14a5\u1505\u1433\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n(inchoative)<\/td>\r\nshaash ati <\/strong>mispun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n‘begin, start to’<\/td>\r\nNow, it is starting to snow.’ ‘It is already starting to snow.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u148c\u1426 \u140a\u144e \u14a5\u1505\u1433\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchiih ati <\/strong> mispun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nIt started to snow.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n… \u1404\u152e\u1484 \u1473 \u140b\u144e <\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u152e\u1426\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n… iiyaakw kaa ati <\/strong>miichisuyaahch.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n… then, we started to eat.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14ab\u1480\u14a1 \u140b\u1426 \u140a\u144e \u1431\u14a7\u1426\u1456\u152e\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nmaakwaach aah ati pimuhtaayaan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nwhile I was walking, …<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u140b\u144e<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\naati<\/td>\r\nConjunct preverb<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1405\u1525\u146d\u14a1 \u140b\u144e <\/strong>\u1427\u1403\u1528\u1427\u1404\u14a1\u1426 \u1427\u140b\u144e\u146f\u1426\u14a1 \u140b\u144e <\/strong>\u14f0\u146f\u14c2\u1528\u14a1\u1426 \u14c2\u14ab\u1505\u1426 \u140b\u1426 \u140b\u14a5\u1528\u14a1\u1426 \u140b\u152a\u1427\u1403\u146f\u14d0\u1426 \u14a7\u1427\u140b\u1466, \u14c5\u1456\u14a7\u1427\u140b\u1466\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n(inchoative) ‘begin, start to’,<\/td>\r\nushkich aati <\/strong>wiyiwiichh waatikuhch aati <\/strong>siikuniyichh nimaas-h aah aamiyichh aayuwikunh muwaat , nuutaamuwaat.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nsometimes also means ‘while’, ‘as’<\/td>\r\nWhen it (the bear) first comes out in the beginning of spring, it eats fish when they spawn, it catches spawning fish.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\"Click<\/td>\r\n\u140b\u144e <\/strong> \u1431\u14a7\u1426\u1456\u152e\u14d0 \u140e\u152e\u1431\u14a5\u1480\u1424 \u14c2\u1505\u146d\u14a1\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\naati <\/strong> pimuhtaayaan wiyaapimikwaau niskich.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nAs I was walking, I saw geese.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u148b\u1426\u148b<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nchihchi<\/td>\r\n‘starting to’<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u1426\u148b<\/strong> \u14a5\u1505\u1433\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas preverb:<\/td>\r\nchihchi<\/strong> mispun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nIt is starting to snow.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u148b\u1426\u148b<\/strong>\u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnichihchi<\/strong>miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI am starting to eat.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas initial:<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u1426\u148b<\/strong>\u1431\u1528\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchihchi<\/strong>piyiu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nIt starts to move.’ ‘S\/he is leaving by vehicle.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u148c\u1511<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nchiishi<\/td>\r\nfinish, stop<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1516\u1525 \u14c2\u148c\u1511<\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas preverb:<\/td>\r\nshaash nichiishi<\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI am finished eating.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1515\u1525 \u148c\u1511<\/strong>\u1431\u1528\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas initial:<\/td>\r\nshash chiishi<\/strong>piyiu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nIt stopped, the cyle is finished. (stops after a planned length of time)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1403\u1505\u1480<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\niskwaa<\/td>\r\nfinished, completed<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1516\u1525 \u14c2\u144e\u1505\u1480<\/strong>\u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas preverb:<\/td>\r\nshaash nitiskwaa<\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI have finished eating.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1403\u1505\u1480<\/strong>\u1431\u1426\u1456\u148c\u1511\u1473\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas initial:<\/td>\r\niskwaa<\/strong>pihtaachiishikaau.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nIt is afternoon.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1403\u1505\u1480<\/strong>\u1438\u1528\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\niskwaa<\/strong>payiu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nIt is finished (end of year, New Year’s Eve)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1434\u14c2<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\npuun(i)<\/td>\r\n‘stop’<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u1434\u14d0<\/strong> \u140b\u1431\u144e\u14f0\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnipuun<\/strong> aapitisiin.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI stop working.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u1434\u14d0<\/strong> \u140b\u1431\u144e\u14f0\u1424\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\npuun<\/strong> aapitisiiu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nHe stops working.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14c2\u1451<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nnituu<\/td>\r\ngo to (do something)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14c2\u1451<\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas preverb:<\/td>\r\nninituu<\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI am going there to eat.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u1451<\/strong>\u1426\u1406\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas initial:<\/td>\r\nnituu<\/strong>huu.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nS\/he goes hunting.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14c8\u14c2\u1451<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nnaanituu<\/td>\r\nlook for<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14c8\u14c2\u1451<\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nninaanituu<\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI am looking around (for something) to eat.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14c3\u1439<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nniipaa<\/td>\r\n‘at night’<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u148b\u14c3\u1439<\/strong> \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nchiniipaa<\/strong> miichisun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nYou are eating at night.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14a5\u152a<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nmiyu<\/td>\r\ngood<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14a5\u152a<\/strong> \u140b\u1431\u144e\u14f0\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnimiyu<\/strong> aapitisiin.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI am working well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14a5\u148b<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nmichi<\/td>\r\n‘bad’<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14a5\u148b<\/strong>\u14a5\u148b\u1426\u1406\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnimichi<\/strong>michihuun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI feel bad.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14a5\u148b<\/strong>\u14a5\u148b\u1426\u1406\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnimichi<\/strong>michihuun.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nI feel bad.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u14c2\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\nnihtaau<\/td>\r\n‘be competent, be good at’<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c8\u1525\u1456\u1446 \u1516\u1525 \u14c2\u1426\u1456<\/strong>\u1405\u1480\u14f2 \u1473 \u1403\u1525\u1431\u1511 \u1410\u148b\u14ab\u1466 \u1405\u1426\u146f\u14bb\u1426\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nnaashtaapwaa shaash nihtaau<\/strong>kwaasuu kaa ishpishi wiichimaat uhkumh.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas initial:<\/td>\r\nS\/he knows how to sew now since s\/he has been living with her\/his grandmother.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u14c2\u14c2\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/strong> \u1431\u14a7\u1426\u1456\u14d0\u166e<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nas preverb:<\/td>\r\nninihtaau<\/strong> pimuhtaan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\nIt is my habit to walk, I walk all the time.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

More examples can be found in the Spelling Manual<\/a> and the Dictionary<\/a> under Parts of speech: Preverbs.<\/p>\r\n

Preverb or particle?<\/h4>\r\n

Small words that occur before the personal prefix in the Independent order, or before the conjunct preverbs are not considered preverbs, but particles. For example \u1403\u1525\u146d<\/span> ishki<\/span> is a particle found with the Independent Subjective conjugation. The test we use is that it always occurs before the personal prefixes ni<\/span>– and chi<\/span>-. \u1403\u1525\u146d <\/strong> \u148b\u1431\u1439\u14a7\u1426\u1456\u14c8\u14c2\u1419 \u14c2\u148c \u1403\u1511\u14c8\u14d0\u166e<\/span> ishki <\/strong> chipipaamuhtaanaaniwaa nichii ishinaan<\/span>. ‘I dreamt that we were walking.’ \u1403\u1525\u146d <\/strong> \u14c2\u1439\u1426\u1431\u1419 \u14c8 \u14c8\u1439\u1424\u166e<\/span> ishki <\/strong> nipaahpiwaa naa naapaau<\/span>. ‘That man is really laughing.’ \u1403\u1525\u146d <\/strong> \u14a5\u1426\u1480\u1419\u166e<\/span> ishki <\/strong> mihkwaawaa<\/span>. ‘It looks like it is red.’<\/p>\r\n

<\/a><\/p>\r\n

Preverb or initial?<\/h4>\r\n

Sometimes, it is hard to decide if a preverb is a preverb or the initial of a verb. This is further complicated by the fact that some preverbs can be used both as preverbs and as initials. And that some initials can be complex initials (made of several parts- see word formation). The rough test we use is this: If you remove it and you still have a verb, then it is a preverb. If you remove it and what is left is not a verb on its own, then it is an initial. For example, \u148b\u1426\u148b<\/span> chihchi<\/span> ‘start to’ can be combined with the verb \u14a5\u1505\u1433\u14d0<\/span> mispun<\/span> in: \u148b\u1426\u148b <\/strong>\u14a5\u1505\u1433\u14d0\u166e<\/span> chihchi <\/strong>mispun<\/span>. ‘It is starting to snow.’ We would say it is a preverb, because we can remove \u148b\u1426\u148b<\/span> chihchi<\/span> and still get a verb: \u14a5\u1505\u1433\u14d0<\/span> mispun<\/span>. In \u148b\u1426\u148b<\/strong>\u1431\u1528\u1424\u166e<\/span> chihchi<\/strong>piyiu.<\/span> ‘It starts to move’, we cannot remove the \u148b\u1426<\/span> chihchi<\/span> part: \u1431\u1528\u1424<\/span> –piyiu<\/span> alone is not a verb (it is called a final). We thus say that \u148b\u1426\u148b<\/span> chihchi<\/span> is an initial. The conclusion is that \u148b\u1426\u148b <\/span> chihchi <\/span>‘start to’ can be used both a a preverb and an initial.<\/p>\r\n

<\/a>Preverb combinations and the order of preverbs <\/a><\/h4>\r\n

Some preverbs are exclusively used for the independent order, some for the conjunct order and some for all orders, including imperative. Some conjugations can take a lot of preverbs like #01 and #11. Aspectual preverbs combine only with certain verbs. When several preverbs are used, their order is usually fixed:<\/p>\r\n

    \r\n\t
  1. conjunct preverbs<\/li>\r\n\t
  2. tense preverbs<\/li>\r\n\t
  3. modality preverbs<\/li>\r\n\t
  4. aspectual preverbs<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    The aspectual preverbs are the ones occuring closest to the stem, with some functioning either as a preverb or an initial. Below is a brief summary of our general observations about preverb combinations:<\/p>\r\n

    ORDER OF PREVERBS<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    1<\/td>\r\n2<\/td>\r\n3<\/td>\r\n4<\/td>\r\nSTEM<\/td>\r\nsuffixes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Conjunct<\/td>\r\nTense:<\/td>\r\nModality:<\/td>\r\nAspect<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
     <\/td>\r\nfuture<\/td>\r\nvolition<\/td>\r\nQuality<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
     <\/td>\r\npast<\/td>\r\npossibility<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
     <\/td>\r\nconditional<\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n
    \r\n
    \u00a0<\/div>\r\n
    \u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    APA:<\/td>\r\nJunker, M.-O., Salt, L., & MacKenzie, M. (2015). East Cree Verbs (Northern Dialect).<\/span> [Revised and expanded from 2006 original edition] In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. Retrieved from [URL]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
     <\/td>\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    MLA:<\/td>\r\nMarie-Odile Junker, Luci Salt and Marguerite MacKenzie. East Cree Verbs (Northern Dialect).<\/span> [Revised and expanded from 2006 original edition] In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. 2015. Web. [date]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    [URL]<\/span> = website address, beginning with \u201chttp:\/\/\u201d [Date]<\/span> = the date you accessed the page, styled as follows: 13 Dec. 2015<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Preverbs Observation \u14c2\u148c\u1426 \u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e nichiih miichisun. I ate. \u14c2\u14a6\u148b\u14f1\u14d0\u166e nimiichisun. I am eating. The \u148c\u1426 chiih part in the above example is called a preverb. Preverbs are found just before the verb, and after the personal prefix in the Independent order. Preverbs can express variation of tense (past, future) and modality (‘want’, ‘can’), as well… Read the full article…<\/a>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":95,"menu_order":27,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/301"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=301"}],"version-history":[{"count":134,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14198,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/301\/revisions\/14198"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/95"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}