{"id":10817,"date":"2015-04-14T14:44:34","date_gmt":"2015-04-14T18:44:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/?page_id=10817"},"modified":"2017-07-17T21:10:41","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T01:10:41","slug":"vai-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/en\/grammar\/northern-dialect\/verbs\/cree-verb-classes\/vai-o\/","title":{"rendered":"VAI + O"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a>VAI +\u00a0Object<\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n
Observation<\/caption>\n
\u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/td>\n\"Click<\/td>\nnipiiuhtaau<\/td>\nS\/he wets it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u1456\u1424 \u1405\u1473\u14c2\u148c\u14bb<\/td>\n\"Click<\/td>\nnipiiuhtaau ukaanichiim<\/td>\nShe wets her (own) sweater<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Some VAI like \u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/span> nipiiuhtaau<\/span> in the example above, can take an inanimate noun as goal or object (the inanimate noun \u1405\u1473\u14c2\u148c\u14bb<\/span> ukaanichiim<\/span>). Even when used alone, they have an implicit goal or object (‘it’). Many of these verbs, like \u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/span> nipiiuhtaau<\/span> ‘S\/he wets it’, end in the causative<\/a> suffix -\u1426\u1456\u1424<\/span> -htaau<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Such verbs are not really Intransitive, they behave like Transitive Inanimate verbs. However, Regular VTI verbs end in –im<\/span>, like \u1427\u140b\u1431\u1426\u144e\u14bb<\/span> waapihtim<\/span>.<\/p>\n

They have corresponding VTA forms if an animate goal is used. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u140b\u1424 \u1405\u1438\u1528\u148c\u14ef\u14bb\u1426\u166e<\/td>\n<\/td>\nnipiiuhaau upayichiisimh.<\/td>\n‘She gets her (own) pants wet.’ (by walking through puddles for example)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the Cree dictionary, and in the Conjugation Guide, we call such verbs VAI+O, for Verb Animate Intransitive + Object. Such verbs have their unspecified actor form (or passive) in -kiniuu<\/span>, like VTI verbs.\u00a0Regular VAI verbs have an\u00a0unspecified actor form in -niuu<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
VAI+O<\/td>\n\u1405\u1511\u1426\u1456\u1424\u166e<\/td>\n<\/td>\nushihtaa-u.<\/td>\n‘S\/he makes it.’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-kiniuu<\/td>\n\u1405\u1511\u1426\u1456\u146d\u14c2\u1406\u166e<\/td>\n<\/td>\nushihtaa-kiniuu.<\/td>\n‘It is being made (by somebody).’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-niuu – not possible<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/td>\n*ushihtaa-niuu.<\/td>\n*’There is making going on.’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
VAI<\/td>\n\u14c2\u1439\u1424\u166e<\/td>\n<\/td>\nnipaa-u.<\/td>\n‘S\/he is sleeping.’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-kiniuu\u00a0– not possible<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/td>\n*nipaa-kiniuu.<\/td>\n‘It is being slept (by somebody).’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-niuu<\/td>\n\u14c2\u1439\u14c2\u1406\u166e<\/td>\n<\/td>\nnipaa-niuu.<\/td>\n‘There is sleeping (going on).’<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

This is a good way to tell them apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"Click<\/a><\/td>\nVAI<\/a><\/td>\n\"Click<\/a><\/td>\nTop<\/a><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
APA:<\/td>\nJunker, M.-O., Salt, L., & MacKenzie, M. (2015). East Cree Verbs (Northern Dialect).<\/span> [Revised and expanded from 2006 original edition] In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. Retrieved from [URL]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MLA:<\/td>\nMarie-Odile Junker, Luci Salt and Marguerite MacKenzie. East Cree Verbs (Northern Dialect).<\/span> [Revised and expanded from 2006 original edition] In The Interactive East Cree Reference Grammar. 2015. Web. [date]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[URL]<\/span> = website address, beginning with \u201chttp:\/\/\u201d
\n[Date]<\/span> = the date you accessed the page, styled as follows: 13 Dec. 2015<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

VAI +\u00a0Object Observation \u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u1456\u1424 nipiiuhtaau S\/he wets it \u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u1456\u1424 \u1405\u1473\u14c2\u148c\u14bb nipiiuhtaau ukaanichiim She wets her (own) sweater Some VAI like \u14c2\u1432\u1405\u1426\u1456\u1424 nipiiuhtaau in the example above, can take an inanimate noun as goal or object (the inanimate noun \u1405\u1473\u14c2\u148c\u14bb ukaanichiim). Even when used alone, they have an implicit goal or object (‘it’). Many of these… Read the full article…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":235,"menu_order":27,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10817"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10817"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12887,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10817\/revisions\/12887"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/235"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.eastcree.org\/cree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}